In this article, we will take a look on another interview question about
adding two numbers, but without using + or ++ operator. Interview starts with a
simple statement, Can you write a function to add two numbers (integers)
without using + or plus arithmetic operator in Java? If you are good in maths,
it wouldn’t take more than a second to say that, we can use subtraction or -
operator to add two numbers because a-(-b)== a+b. Well
that’s correct, but real question starts when interviewer quickly points out
that, you can not use any arithmetic operator including +,-,*,/++
or --. Programming and Coding questions are integral part of any Java
interview. You should always expect couple of questions like this, e.g. swapping
two numbers without using temp variable. If you have been giving interviews, then
you know that, it will eventually comes downs to bitwise operator in Java. Yes,
we can add two numbers by using bitwise and bitshift operators, which is not
arithmetic. Interviewer, will be happy by hearing bitwise operator, but he
would like to see the code. Well, if you know binary arithmetic or how to add
numbers in binary format, you may be familiar with fact than sum of two numbers
can be obtained by using XOR operation and carry, by using AND operation. This
is the fact, you must remember to solve this question or add two integers
without using any arithmetic operator e.g. plus, minus etc. Sometime
interviewer, may ask you to write both iterative and recursive solution of same
question, Since recursion is another confusing programming technique, it's favored more during interviews. In this Java tutorial, we will see both
recursive and iterative version of our add method, which calculate sum of two
numbers without using arithmetic operator, but using bitshift
and bitwise operators in Java.
Iterative Solution
Iterative solution uses any kind of loop, e.g. for, while or do-while. AsI said, sum of two integer can be obtained by XOR bitwise operator and carry
can be obtained but AND bitwise operator. We also need to use signed left shift
Java operator to add carry into sum. Here is code for iterative method to add
two integers without using plus or minus operator :
public static int addIterative(int a, int b){
while (b != 0){
int carry = (a & b) ; //CARRY is AND
of two bits
a = a ^b; //SUM of two
bits is A XOR B
b = carry << 1; //shifts carry
to 1 bit to calculate sum
}
return a;
}
Code is self explanatory, we are calculating carry and keeping it in a
separate variable, than we are storing sum of two numbers into variable a, and
shifts carry to 1 bit by using signed left shift operator, In order to add into
sum.
Recursive Solution
Following method uses recursion
programming technique to calculate sum of two numbers without arithmetic
operator e.g. +, - etc. It's recursive version of our earlier iterative
solution. Just like in loop, we are testing for b=0, here also
we are doing same thing. We have just combined & bitwise
and << signed left shift operator calculating and shifting
carry.
public static int add(int a, int
b){
if(b == 0) return a;
int sum = a ^ b; //SUM of two
integer is A XOR B
int carry = (a & b) << 1; //CARRY of two integer is A AND B
return add(sum, carry);
}
How to add two integers without arithmetic
operator Java Example
Here is complete code example, which includes both iterative and
recursive method along with a simple JUnit
test. I have tested both add methods for couple of edge cases e.g. adding
negative numbers, Integer.MAX_VALUE, adding zero etc.
/**
* Java program to calculate sum of two number
without using addition or subtraction
* operator in Java. This solution, use bitwise
and bitshift operator instead of maths operator.
* @author Javin Paul
*/
public class AddTwoNumbersJava
{
public static void main(String args[]) {
System.out.println(" Sum of
110 add 200 is : " + add(110, 200));
System.out.println(" Sum of 0
and 0 is : " + add(0, 0));
System.out.println(" Sum of
-10 and +10 is : " + add(-10, 10));
System.out.println(" Sum of
-10 + 200 is : " + add(-10, 200));
System.out.println(" Sum of 0
+ 200 is : " + add(0, 200));
}
/*
* Adding two number without using + or
plus arithmetic operator using
* recursion in Java. This method uses XOR
and AND bitwise operator to
* calculate sum of two numbers;
*/
public static int add(int a, int b){
if(b == 0) return a;
int sum = a ^ b; //SUM of two
integer is A XOR B
int carry = (a & b) << 1; //CARRY of two integer is A AND B
return add(sum, carry);
}
/*
* Adding two integers without any
arithmetic operator and using recursion.
* This solution also uses XOR and AND
bitwise and << left shift bitshift
* operator
*/
public static int addIterative(int a, int b){
while (b != 0){
int carry = (a & b) ; //CARRY is AND
of two bits
a = a ^b; //SUM of two
bits is A XOR B
b = carry << 1; //shifts carry
to 1 bit to calculate sum
}
return a;
}
}
Output:
Sum of 110 add 200 is : 310
Sum of 0 and 0 is : 0
Sum of -10 and +10 is : 0
Sum of -10 + 200 is : 190
Sum of 0 + 200 is : 200
And here is JUnit test case to test add() and addIterative() method, If
you notice carefully, I have used static
import feature of Java 1.5, to import various assert methods like assertEquals(expected,
actual). By the way, I just realized that I made an error here, which won't
affect the result but it's a mistake. If you can point it out then let me know
:
import org.junit.Test;
import static
org.junit.Assert.*;
import static
test.AddTwoNumbersJava.*;
/**
* JUnit tests for addition without using maths
operator in Java.
* @author
*/
public class AddTwoNumbersJavaTest
{
/**
* Test of add method, of class
AddTwoNumbersJava.
*/
@Test
public void testAdd() {
assertEquals(add(0, 0), (0 + 0));
assertEquals(add(100, 210), (100 + 210));
assertEquals(add(-10, 10), (-10 + 10));
assertEquals(add(0, 200), (0 + 200));
assertEquals(add(10, 0), (10 + 0));
assertEquals(add(Integer.MAX_VALUE, 10), (Integer.MAX_VALUE + 10));
}
/**
* Test of addIterative method, of class
AddTwoNumbersJava.
*/
@Test
public void testAddIterative() {
assertEquals(addIterative(0, 0), (0 + 0));
assertEquals(addIterative(100, 210), (100 + 210));
assertEquals(addIterative(-10, 10), (-10 + 10));
assertEquals(addIterative(0, 200), (0 + 200));
assertEquals(addIterative(10, 0), (10 + 0));
assertEquals(addIterative(Integer.MAX_VALUE, 10), (Integer.MAX_VALUE + 10));
}
}
That's all on How to add two numbers without using plus + arithmetic
operator in Java. As I said, you need to remember that sum of two integers
in binary is equal to XOR of two numbers and carry is equal to AND operation of
two numbers. By using bitwise and bitshift operator in Java, you can easily calculate
sum of two numbers without any arithmetic operator.
Further Reading on Bit Twiddling
Bitwise and bitshift
operator are quite extensively used in programming interviews, and many
problems like above can be solved by there usages. Hackers delight is one of the greatest book on writing code using bit twiddling and
bit manipulation and in fact Java library uses many bit twiddling techniques
from this book.
The Art of Computer Programming by Donald E. Knuth
Cracking the Coding Interview: 150 Programming Questions and Solutions
Hacker's Delight (2nd Edition) By Henry S. Warren
Source:http://javarevisited.blogspot.com/2013/06/how-to-add-two-integer-numbers-without-plus-arithmetic-operator-java-example.html
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